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Overview         (For age - group : Above 16 )

What was the charge on an electron? The answer to this question opened up a plethora of experiments that led to present developments, the answer was provided by Millikan who conducted his famous oil drop experiment to find it. It is however difficult to understand his experiment. This physics animation depicts the experiment in step by step manner with detailed explanation and is very useful for teachers and students.

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Millikan's oil drop experiment :

Category : Atomic theory
Type : Animation
Total animation length: 50 minutes
Animation Type : Advanced

Animation contains the following

1) How was the charge on the tiny particle electron determined?
Millikan's oil drop method
2) Why Millikan used oil drops?
3) How the oil drops were charged?
4) Forces acting on the oil drops
5) Calculations to determine the charge & mass
6) How was quantization of charge proved?
7) Achievements of oil drop experiment

More regarding Millikan's experiment in explanatory notes-

Early attempts to determine the charge on an electron
How Millikan determined the Avogadro number ?

Snapshots         


Millikan's experiment

Millikan's experiment

Ionizing air molecules

Oil drops observed by millikan through microscope
Ionizing air molecules
Oil drops observed through microscope

Forces acting on the oil drops, drag force (not shown here) also acts on the drop

Oil drops falling in the chamber
Forces acting on the oil drops, drag force (not shown here) also acts on the drop
Millikan's oil drop apparatus

millikan Drag force calculation on oil drop

Millikan's oil drop apparatus
Drag force calculation on oil drop
Details of the animation/ movie /software

Though J.J Thomson discovered the electron, it was left for Robert Millikan to measure the charge of an electron and thereby enabled the calculation of its mass.

Before Millikan Townsend and later on Wilson made an attempt to measure the charge on the drop but the experiments that they conducted were highly prone to large number of errors. The main failure was that there was no way of isolating an individual particle (So the values were suspected.) Until Millikan devised his land mark experiment.


For his experiment Millikan used very tiny oil droplets (due to its low evaporation rate). As the oil drops entered the chamber picked up charges through friction with the nozzle of the atomizer and colliding with air molecules.

charged oil drop

They were also subjected to radiation source so that the probability of charged oil drops will be high in the chamber.

These droplets were allowed to fall initially under the influence of gravity and air resistance. Millikan observed these drops through a microscope. By focussing on a single oil drop its terminal velocity was calculated. Then the oil drops were subjected to electric field.

millikan terminal velocity was also calculated.

Since the oil drops were charged the electric force influenced them. An oil drop moving slowly towards the positive plate was focussed. Its terminal velocity was also calculated. Then by applying fluid dynamics in equations of motion, the charge on the drop was determined.
He measured the charge for numerous drops and found that the smallest charge was always 1.6 * 10-19 C. He assumed that this integer to be the fundamental unit of charge, the charge on an electron. From this the mass of an electron was calculated which was found out to be 1830 times smaller than that of a hydrogen atom.

This provided the evidence for electron as a sub atomic particle.

Thus Millikan found that
a. Charge is quantised
b. Electron is a sub atomic particle
c. Avagadro's number more accurately

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